What is the primary source of copper exposure in aquatic animals?

The primary source of copper exposure in aquatic animals is immersion in copper-containing water. Copper is a metal that can be present in the aquatic environment, particularly in freshwater and marine systems due to both natural and anthropogenic activities. When aquatic animals are immersed in copper-contaminated water, they can absorb copper through their gills and skin, leading to systemic exposure.

While ingesting contaminated food can contribute to copper exposure, it is typically considered a secondary route when compared to direct immersion in water that contains dissolved copper. The concentration and availability of copper in the water are crucial factors that determine the level of exposure experienced by aquatic animals.

Absorption through the skin may also occur, but it is less significant than the direct contact with copper-containing water during immersion. As for copper-based tank decorations, while they can release copper into the water over time, they are not as significant of a primary source of exposure as the direct immersion of animals in copper-laden water.